Abstract
Salinity gradient energy (SGE) capture by reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an emerging technology to advance the phaseout of conventional water-intensive energy sources in desalination industry. This paper assesses SGE recovery potential of an up-scaled RED system in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plants. Using a detailed RED system's model (i) we conducted a parametric evaluation of feed's concentration, feed's flow rate, and temperature to identify the optimal working conditions of an industrial-scale RED unit; (ii) we estimated SGE recovery of a RED plant in SWRO plants distributed worldwide, adopting a single-stage arrangement of the RED units; (iii) finally, to enhance energy yield, we examined different RED plant's layouts in a specific SWRO plant. The results underline the merits of this modelling tool to assist SGE-RED implementation in the utmost scenarios. Regarding RED plant's layout, findings reveal that the series-parallel arrangement of the RED units improves the power output and energy yield of the system but requires more RED units. Hence, a systematic evaluation through optimization of the hybrid process's configuration both at plant's scale and at RED unit's scale is needed to properly determine RED's SGE recovery potential from waste streams in SWRO plants.