Abstract
We quantify through simple population-dynamics models the biological growth on wave energy converters (WECs). We also evaluate the effects of the inherently unsteady flow induced by waves and currents on the settlement of various species. Finally, we discuss the impact of the biological growth on the flow pattern around such devices (and consequently on their efficiency) and investigate the influence WEC farms might exert on the marine environment (in particular possible enhancements in kelp vegetation). Our results indicate that biofouling is an issue that should be considered carefully in the design and site selection processes of wave power devices.