Abstract
Water waves are a promising source of renewable energy. Their kinetic energy can potentially drive energy harvesters. Herein, we describe a fully packed spheroidal smart buoy hybrid generator (SB-HG) composed of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and an electromagnetic generator (EMG) for scavenging water-wave energy. Each of the energy harvesting components generated electrical outputs from the same wave motion. A position-tracking long-range (LoRa) device placed in the buoy enabled identification of the buoy location when it was placed in the sea for energy harvesting, navigation, and fishnet tracking purposes. A solar cell placed on the top of the buoy powered the device under calm wave conditions. The TENG and EMG components generated maximum electrical outputs of 100 V/2 μA and 20 V/15 mA, respectively. Combining the devices efficiently converted the kinetic energy of the waves into useful electrical energy, which was used to charge a commercial capacitor and lithium-ion battery. The charged battery drove the position-tracking LoRa device for a positioning application and demonstrated that the SB-HG device is an inexpensive and reliable candidate for ocean navigation systems. Our water-wave energy harvester is highly promising as a clean energy power source and as a self-powered sensor for various environmental monitoring systems.