Oceanic Wave Energy Conversion | Tethys Engineering

Book

Title: Oceanic Wave Energy Conversion

Author:

Farrok, O.; Islam, M.

Publication Date:

January 1, 2024

Edition:

Pages:

165

Publisher:

Springer Nature

Place Published:

Singapore

Affiliation:

Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST), University of Wollongong Australia

Technology:

Wave

Language:

English

Document Access

Website:

External Link

Citation

Farrok, O.; Islam, M. (2024). Oceanic Wave Energy Conversion. Singapore: Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9814-2

@book{Farrok-2024-22459,
author = {Farrok, O and Islam, M},
title = {Oceanic Wave Energy Conversion},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
year = {2024},
month = {jan},
edition = {1},
address = {Singapore},
doi = {10.1007/978-981-99-9814-2},
url = {https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-99-9814-2},
keywords = {Wave},
}

Export Citation to BibTex

TY - BOOK
TI - Oceanic Wave Energy Conversion
AU - Farrok, O
AU - Islam, M
AB - Nowadays, harvesting renewable energy is considered as one of the most significant fields of research. As conventional fossil fuels are rapidly burning out and electrical power demand is increasing exponentially, there is no alternative other than using renewable energy. Researchers have been working on utilizing different renewable energy sources for producing electricity since many years. Most of the renewable energy has a limited capacity of power generation. Although, oceanic wave energy has tremendous power potential for electricity generation, its harvesting is still in the developing stage. It is thought to be a new member of the renewable energy compared to solar and wind energy. Recently engineers are working hard to produce electrical power from the oceanic wave in an effective way. It is expected that if the untapped energy from the oceanic wave can be captured, it can contribute a significant amount of global electrical energy consumption.This book describes the fundamental concept of generating electricity from the oceanic wave. In the Chap. 1, “Introduction”, principles of wave energy conversion are explained. Firstly, fundamentals of wave energy and motion of a particle in the ocean are depicted. It is supportive to understand the working principle of wave energy devices. Estimation of wave power and energy is illustrated mathematically which is useful for design and size selection of the wave energy converter. Recent wave energy projects around the globe are described in a separate section. From the study of various types of wave energy converters, it is found that point absorber type wave energy device with direct drive linear electrical generator is widely used for harvesting oceanic wave energy. Recent developments of the linear generator are summarized in a table at the end of this chapter.The Chap. 2 named “Oceanic Wave Energy Devices” presents various wave energy converters (WECs) and devices with their operation. The resources along with the main renewable energy centers, the technical, environmental, and social aspects of the procedures are discussed. Several methods of wave energy extraction and wave termination are also explained. Construction of the WEC or devices such as WET-NZ, Oyster, Limpet, and Penguin along with their visual structures and working principles are demonstrated. Additionally, many other devices such as Paramus, Power buoy, SeaRev, SeaRay, etc., are studied that can harvest the power from the wave. Finally, the construction and operational formula of point absorber WEC is discussed along with its related factors. The chapter concludes with the discussion of current research and educational approach to wave energy.The Chap. 3, “Pelamis Wave Energy Converter” describes different aspects of Pelamis technology along with its features. The current energy policy and estimation of wave energy are presented. Power capture by Pelamis and its survivability attributes are depicted. The power train of Pelamis, its resonant and benign response along with the tuned response are described. The strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat of this device are mentioned in detail with their challenges and possible solutions. An integration of energy storage and its importance are illustrated to obtain intermittent power. Environmental, ecological, and economic factors are discussed as well.The Chap. 4, “Resonant Wave Energy Converter” describes the concept and explanation of the resonance effect of wave energy converter. Placement of resonant and other WECs is discussed at the beginning of this chapter. Resonant WEC is usually a floating type of device which can be placed near shore. It is found that resonant WEC can enhance the amplitude of the swinging buoy with comparatively less effort than the conventional one. An experimental setup of a wave basin is presented, which is used for testing resonant WECs. Its various components and setup for parametric measurements are illustrated. Phase control issue is one of the key factors for this WEC. At the end of this chapter, necessity of implementing resonant WEC and other effective renewable source-based power plants is explained.The simplified mathematical model of a flux switching linear electrical generators for wave power extraction is presented in the Chap. 5. Then design and simulation of a double-sided flat flux switching linear electrical generator (FSLEG) is presented. Characteristics of the FSLEG for harvesting oceanic wave energy are analyzed. To enhance the performance of FSLEG, a special Kool Mμ powder core with N46SH permanent magnet is applied. It is found from the simulation that because of using Kool Mμ powder core, core loss is minimized. On the other hand, power generation is reduced. To increase power generation, high graded N46SH material is applied again. Thus, with proper combination of Kool Mμ and N46SH, both parameters are improved, i.e., increase in electrical power generation and decrease in core loss. Cost analysis is provided for the active material, i.e., copper, permanent magnet, and magnetic core. Then the tentative material cost of the FSLEG is calculated. As application of Kool Mμ powder core to the linear electrical generator is relatively new, future recommendation is listed at the end of this chapter.In the Chap. 6, “Dual port linear electrical generator: solution of the existing limitation of power generation”, a new design of dual port linear generator (DPLG) is presented. It can produce enough electrical power from the oceanic wave with adequate amount of voltage while the translator reaches the top and bottom ends. Stator tooth design greatly affects the efficiency of the DPLG. Genetic algorithm is suitable to determine the optimized stator tooth. The shape optimization method of the stator teeth is presented to justify the performance of DPLG. The force ripples of the DPLG are reduced up to 40.89% by improving its stator tooth shape. It improves the power conversion efficiency of the DPLG as shown in the results and discussion section. The analysis is illustrated with multiphysics simulation and the finite element method to determine the electromagnetic performance. Simulation results along with laboratory prototype are also presented for validation of the DPLG topology. Experimental and simulation results from the prototype show the special interest of applying DPLG as it generates adequate voltage even at zero vertical velocity of the translator obtained from the oceanic wave. It is not possible to achieve this by using the conversional SPLG which is mathematically shown. Thus, the production of more electrical power from the DPLG is ensured even at the moment of no vertical velocity of its translator.In Chap. 7, “Flux Switching Linear Generator: Design, Analysis, and Optimization” a new design of flux switching linear generator (FSLG) is presented along with a model where the translator weight is reduced and magnetic flux linkage of the main stator is improved by applying static steel core in the secondary stator. The produced voltage, current, power, efficiency, core loss, force ripples, and cogging force reduction for the FLSG are presented. The new translator is lightweight and can generate enough electrical energy from the oceanic wave as shown in the dynamic model. Genetic algorithm is used to find out the optimal design of the translator and stator before it is finally selected. To observe the improvement and possibility to utilize this design of FSLG, finite element analysis is conducted by utilizing ANSYS/Ansoft.In the Chap. 8, the application of linear electrical generator and its advancement are discussed. It is explained that the construction and working principle of the linear generator is similar for both oceanic wave energy conversion and free piston generator applications. Therefore, advancement of linear electrical generator for wave energy conversion can be applicable to a free piston linear generator (FPLG). In an FPLG, a free piston engine drives a linear electrical generator to produce electrical power. In this chapter, different parameters of an FPLG are analyzed. The parameters include stroke length, power, voltage frequency, and voltage. Firstly, the construction and working principle of an FPLG is explained. Among the parameters of FPLG, stroke length is discussed in the beginning. It is found that the minimum and maximum stroke lengths are 20 mm and 152.4 mm, respectively. Stroke lengths of a free piston engine and a linear electrical generator must match each other. Then output powers of different FPLGs are described and tabulated. The power range is found from 22.23 W to 95 kW. Voltage frequency of the FPLG ranges from 2 Hz to 67 Hz which is listed in a separate table. The maximum output voltage is found to be 400 V whereas most of the FPLG produce less than 300 V. Performance of the FPLG depends on its design, different parameters, and construction material. Then simulation results of an FPLG are presented for using a conventional and the proposed XFlux materials. Voltage, current, power, flux linkage, and core loss of the FPLG are plotted using different magnetic cores to observe their relative performance. It is found that because of applying XFlux to the FPLG, minimum core loss occurs. Recent progress of FPLGs and their specialty are summarized. The advancement and future scope of the FPLG has been proposed at the end of this chapter.
CY - Singapore
DA - 2024/01//
PY - 2024
ET - 1
SP - 165
PB - Springer Nature
UR - https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-99-9814-2
DO - 10.1007/978-981-99-9814-2
U1 - Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST)
LA - English
KW - Wave
ER -

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Abstract

Nowadays, harvesting renewable energy is considered as one of the most significant fields of research. As conventional fossil fuels are rapidly burning out and electrical power demand is increasing exponentially, there is no alternative other than using renewable energy. Researchers have been working on utilizing different renewable energy sources for producing electricity since many years. Most of the renewable energy has a limited capacity of power generation. Although, oceanic wave energy has tremendous power potential for electricity generation, its harvesting is still in the developing stage. It is thought to be a new member of the renewable energy compared to solar and wind energy. Recently engineers are working hard to produce electrical power from the oceanic wave in an effective way. It is expected that if the untapped energy from the oceanic wave can be captured, it can contribute a significant amount of global electrical energy consumption.

This book describes the fundamental concept of generating electricity from the oceanic wave. In the Chap. 1, “Introduction”, principles of wave energy conversion are explained. Firstly, fundamentals of wave energy and motion of a particle in the ocean are depicted. It is supportive to understand the working principle of wave energy devices. Estimation of wave power and energy is illustrated mathematically which is useful for design and size selection of the wave energy converter. Recent wave energy projects around the globe are described in a separate section. From the study of various types of wave energy converters, it is found that point absorber type wave energy device with direct drive linear electrical generator is widely used for harvesting oceanic wave energy. Recent developments of the linear generator are summarized in a table at the end of this chapter.

The Chap. 2 named “Oceanic Wave Energy Devices” presents various wave energy converters (WECs) and devices with their operation. The resources along with the main renewable energy centers, the technical, environmental, and social aspects of the procedures are discussed. Several methods of wave energy extraction and wave termination are also explained. Construction of the WEC or devices such as WET-NZ, Oyster, Limpet, and Penguin along with their visual structures and working principles are demonstrated. Additionally, many other devices such as Paramus, Power buoy, SeaRev, SeaRay, etc., are studied that can harvest the power from the wave. Finally, the construction and operational formula of point absorber WEC is discussed along with its related factors. The chapter concludes with the discussion of current research and educational approach to wave energy.

The Chap. 3, “Pelamis Wave Energy Converter” describes different aspects of Pelamis technology along with its features. The current energy policy and estimation of wave energy are presented. Power capture by Pelamis and its survivability attributes are depicted. The power train of Pelamis, its resonant and benign response along with the tuned response are described. The strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat of this device are mentioned in detail with their challenges and possible solutions. An integration of energy storage and its importance are illustrated to obtain intermittent power. Environmental, ecological, and economic factors are discussed as well.

The Chap. 4, “Resonant Wave Energy Converter” describes the concept and explanation of the resonance effect of wave energy converter. Placement of resonant and other WECs is discussed at the beginning of this chapter. Resonant WEC is usually a floating type of device which can be placed near shore. It is found that resonant WEC can enhance the amplitude of the swinging buoy with comparatively less effort than the conventional one. An experimental setup of a wave basin is presented, which is used for testing resonant WECs. Its various components and setup for parametric measurements are illustrated. Phase control issue is one of the key factors for this WEC. At the end of this chapter, necessity of implementing resonant WEC and other effective renewable source-based power plants is explained.

The simplified mathematical model of a flux switching linear electrical generators for wave power extraction is presented in the Chap. 5. Then design and simulation of a double-sided flat flux switching linear electrical generator (FSLEG) is presented. Characteristics of the FSLEG for harvesting oceanic wave energy are analyzed. To enhance the performance of FSLEG, a special Kool Mμ powder core with N46SH permanent magnet is applied. It is found from the simulation that because of using Kool Mμ powder core, core loss is minimized. On the other hand, power generation is reduced. To increase power generation, high graded N46SH material is applied again. Thus, with proper combination of Kool Mμ and N46SH, both parameters are improved, i.e., increase in electrical power generation and decrease in core loss. Cost analysis is provided for the active material, i.e., copper, permanent magnet, and magnetic core. Then the tentative material cost of the FSLEG is calculated. As application of Kool Mμ powder core to the linear electrical generator is relatively new, future recommendation is listed at the end of this chapter.

In the Chap. 6, “Dual port linear electrical generator: solution of the existing limitation of power generation”, a new design of dual port linear generator (DPLG) is presented. It can produce enough electrical power from the oceanic wave with adequate amount of voltage while the translator reaches the top and bottom ends. Stator tooth design greatly affects the efficiency of the DPLG. Genetic algorithm is suitable to determine the optimized stator tooth. The shape optimization method of the stator teeth is presented to justify the performance of DPLG. The force ripples of the DPLG are reduced up to 40.89% by improving its stator tooth shape. It improves the power conversion efficiency of the DPLG as shown in the results and discussion section. The analysis is illustrated with multiphysics simulation and the finite element method to determine the electromagnetic performance. Simulation results along with laboratory prototype are also presented for validation of the DPLG topology. Experimental and simulation results from the prototype show the special interest of applying DPLG as it generates adequate voltage even at zero vertical velocity of the translator obtained from the oceanic wave. It is not possible to achieve this by using the conversional SPLG which is mathematically shown. Thus, the production of more electrical power from the DPLG is ensured even at the moment of no vertical velocity of its translator.

In Chap. 7, “Flux Switching Linear Generator: Design, Analysis, and Optimization” a new design of flux switching linear generator (FSLG) is presented along with a model where the translator weight is reduced and magnetic flux linkage of the main stator is improved by applying static steel core in the secondary stator. The produced voltage, current, power, efficiency, core loss, force ripples, and cogging force reduction for the FLSG are presented. The new translator is lightweight and can generate enough electrical energy from the oceanic wave as shown in the dynamic model. Genetic algorithm is used to find out the optimal design of the translator and stator before it is finally selected. To observe the improvement and possibility to utilize this design of FSLG, finite element analysis is conducted by utilizing ANSYS/Ansoft.

In the Chap. 8, the application of linear electrical generator and its advancement are discussed. It is explained that the construction and working principle of the linear generator is similar for both oceanic wave energy conversion and free piston generator applications. Therefore, advancement of linear electrical generator for wave energy conversion can be applicable to a free piston linear generator (FPLG). In an FPLG, a free piston engine drives a linear electrical generator to produce electrical power. In this chapter, different parameters of an FPLG are analyzed. The parameters include stroke length, power, voltage frequency, and voltage. Firstly, the construction and working principle of an FPLG is explained. Among the parameters of FPLG, stroke length is discussed in the beginning. It is found that the minimum and maximum stroke lengths are 20 mm and 152.4 mm, respectively. Stroke lengths of a free piston engine and a linear electrical generator must match each other. Then output powers of different FPLGs are described and tabulated. The power range is found from 22.23 W to 95 kW. Voltage frequency of the FPLG ranges from 2 Hz to 67 Hz which is listed in a separate table. The maximum output voltage is found to be 400 V whereas most of the FPLG produce less than 300 V. Performance of the FPLG depends on its design, different parameters, and construction material. Then simulation results of an FPLG are presented for using a conventional and the proposed XFlux materials. Voltage, current, power, flux linkage, and core loss of the FPLG are plotted using different magnetic cores to observe their relative performance. It is found that because of applying XFlux to the FPLG, minimum core loss occurs. Recent progress of FPLGs and their specialty are summarized. The advancement and future scope of the FPLG has been proposed at the end of this chapter.