Abstract
This study evaluates correction methods for the actuator line method in tidal stream turbine calculations. Findings indicate that three-dimensional Gaussian distribution coefficients align closely with experimental results when ε = 2dr. Tip loss correction addresses abnormal axial force coefficient elevation at the blade tip, while stall delay correction minimally impacts standard turbine operation. Root loss correction slightly affects the root vortex but notably delays the disappearance of the nacelle after tail flow's bimodal region to 4D, contrary to observations. Using a cylinder correction at the blade root improves the root vortex representation. Enhanced ALM, combined with LES, simulates wake and energy loss across varying turbulence intensities. At low turbulence, the spiral vortex structure is clearer, with fewer stray vortices and a more regular circular shape. Increasing turbulence blurs the structure, introducing more turbulent vortices and losing regularity. Entropy production concept represents energy losses as total, direct, and turbulence entropy production. Direct entropy production is minimal, localized at blade tip, nacelle, and support structures due to significant velocity gradients. Indirect entropy production causes substantial energy loss, resembling wake flow's vortex pattern due to turbulent pulsation. With higher turbulence, EPR, EPDD, and EPTD decline as wake vortices are disrupted, reducing energy loss.