Abstract
The need for large-scale, continuous ocean monitoring requires self-sufficient sensor networks. While ocean currents offer sustainable power, conventional generators perform poorly under low-flow conditions. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), especially flow-induced vibration TENGs (FIV-TENGs), offer alternatives due to their efficiency at low frequencies. However, FIV-TENG designs suffer from limited energy output due to their small area strain and deficient hydrodynamic interaction. Inspired by the flexible skeleton of fish, we developed a TENG-based ocean current harvester whose energy capture is further enhanced via interaction with Kármán vortices found in fish schools.
Highlights:
• An ocean current energy-harvesting strategy inspired by the Kármán gaiting
• A fish-like energy harvester with a peak power density of 25.6 mW m−2 at 0.45 m s−1
• A harvester formation inspired by fish schooling improves efficiency by ∼41%
• Demonstrated a self-powered ocean current sensor with anti-fouling
Summary:
Sensor networks used for environmental monitoring can be powered by harvesting energy from the environment. In this work, we present a fish-like ocean current energy harvester (FOCEH) based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) that converts flow-induced vibrations into electricity. Mimicking a fish, the harvester features a flexible and elastic skeleton that enhances vortex-induced interactions and expands the TENG’s working area, achieving a peak power density of 25.6 mW m−2 at 0.45 m s−1. A diamond-shaped array configuration, inspired by fish-school hydrodynamics, further improves harvesting efficiency by ∼41%. The FOCEH demonstrates a self-powered ocean current sensor and effective bacterial sterilization in flowing water, underscoring its multifunctional potential.