Abstract
Global energy demand and climate concerns are accelerating the adoption of marine renewable resources, with offshore wind, wave, and solar technologies emerging as key solutions. Hybrid offshore platforms that integrate floating photovoltaic (FPV), wind, and wave systems offer the potential for higher energy yields and greater resource complementarity than standalone installations. This study aims to evaluate the technical, economic, and operational performance of hybrid offshore renewable-energy platforms and identify critical design considerations for large-scale installations. Although research interest is rising, comprehensive comparative analyses of hybrid versus single-source systems in terms of capacity factor, levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and survivability remain scarce. To address this gap, a systematic review of literature and industry data was conducted, supported by three detailed case studies SPIC (China), Poseidon (Denmark), and NoviOcean (UK). Results show that hybrid platforms can achieve capacity factors of up to 45%, reduce LCOE, and enhance grid stability through innovations in mooring, energy dispatch, and multi-resource integration. Findings highlight that coordinated operation of wind, wave, and FPV systems significantly increases annual energy yield while mitigating intermittency and minimising spatial footprint. Future research should focus on scaling energy storage, offshore hydrogen production, and assessing regulatory and environmental challenges to enable the commercial viability and global adoption of hybrid marine renewable systems.