Moorings Fact Sheet

Moorings

Floating offshore renewable energy systems have several advantages: higher wind and wave resources, technically unlimited water depth, better adaptability to soil types… However, they must limit their dynamics for a number of reasons:

  • efficiency (e.g., reduction in wind turbine performance if the floating structure movements are too severe),
  • safety (e.g., disruption of vessel traffic),
  • robustness and technical and economic viability (e.g., pulling out the export electric cable, overdesigning costs).

Developing reliable and robust mooring lines is therefore essential. To do this, two criteria must be taken into account: limiting the amplitude of the forces and resisting maximum loads over the life of a farm. France Énergies Marines developed this Fact Sheet to describe the different moorings systems used for offshore renewable energy systems, and compare their advantages and limitations. 

Download the France Énergies Marines Moorings Fact Sheet here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys Engineering.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Collection Method Operations Device
Assessing the Risk of Hurricane Damage to Marine Hydrokinetic Devices Faria, V., Jamaleddin, N., deQueiroz, A., Gabr, M., Muglia, M. Presentation Current, Ocean Current Modeling Mooring
Shared Anchoring of Marine Renewable Energy Devices Utilizing Monopiles Jamaleddin, N., Gabr, M., Borden, R. Presentation Wave, Point Absorber Modeling, Scale Device Mooring, Substructure
A Retrievable Ocean Petal Anchor for Marine Energy Devices Williams, W., Gabr, M., Shariar, A., Hall, M. Presentation Current, Wave Modeling Mooring
Composite Springs for Mooring Tensioners: A Systematic Review of Material Selection, Fatigue Performance, Manufacturing, and Applications Cai, Y., Bazli, M., Basnayake, A., Veidt, M., Heitzmann, M. Journal Article Wave, Point Absorber Survivability Materials, Mooring
Effects of mooring configurations on the hydrodynamic performance of a floating offshore oscillating water column wave energy converter Gubesch, E., Abdussamie, N., Penesis, I., Chin, C. Journal Article Wave, Oscillating Water Column Lab Data, Modeling Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance
Hydrodynamic Analysis of a Novel Modular Floating Structure System Integrated with Floating Artificial Reefs and Wave Energy Converters Li, Y., Ren, N., Li, X., Ou, J. Journal Article Wave Modeling Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance, Power Take Off, Substructure
Digital Twin for the Prediction of Extreme Loads on a Wave Energy Conversion System Katsidoniotaki, E., Psarommatis, F., Göteman, M. Journal Article Wave, Point Absorber Modeling Mooring, Performance, Power Take Off
HarshLab Benguria, P. Presentation Field Data Condition Monitoring Mooring
Coupled response characteristics of cold water pipe and moored ship for floating OTEC plant Hisamatsu, R., Utsunomiya, T. Journal Article OTEC Modeling Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance, Substructure
Spatial characterization of seabed environmental conditions and geotechnical properties for the development of marine renewable energy in Sweden Nyberg, J. , Zillen-Snowball, L., Strömstedt, E. Journal Article Modeling Deployment Mooring
Effects of dynamic axial stiffness of elastic moorings for a wave energy converter Depalo, F., Wang, S., Xu, S., Soares, C., Yang, S-H., Ringsberg, J. Journal Article Wave, Point Absorber Modeling Mooring
Design and Dynamic Stability Analysis of a Submersible Ocean Current Generator Platform Mooring System under Typhoon Irregular Wave Lin, S-M., Liauh, C-T., Utama, D-W. Journal Article Current, Ocean Current Modeling Mooring
IEC TS 62600-202:2022- Part 202: Early stage development of tidal energy converters - Best practices and recommended procedures for the testing of pre-prototype scale devices IEC Guidance Current, Tidal, Ocean Current, Wave Modeling Mooring, Performance, Power Take Off
On hydrodynamic and electrical characteristics of a self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator based buoy under water ripples Zhao, Y., Fan, Z., Bi, C., Wang, H., Mi, J., Xu, M. Journal Article Wave Lab Data Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance
Dynamic Stability of the Coupled Pontoon-Ocean Turbine-Floater Platform-Rope System under Harmonic Wave Excitation and Steady Ocean Current Lin, S-M., Chen, Y-Y., Liauh, C-T. Journal Article Current, Ocean Current Modeling Hydrodynamics, Mooring
Linearized modeling and optimization of shared mooring systems Wilson, S., Hall, M., Housner, S., Sirnivas, S. Journal Article Modeling Hybrid Devices, Mooring
Effect of mooring line layout on the loads of ship-shaped offshore installations Mujeeb-Ahmed, M., Cabrera, J., Kim, H., Paik, J. Journal Article Mooring
Effects of strain- and strain rate- dependent nonlinear mooring line stiffness on floating platform motion Li, C., Choung, J. Journal Article Modeling Survivability Mooring, Structural
Numerical Performance Model for Tensioned Mooring Tidal Turbine Operating in Combined Wave-Current Sea States Fu, S., Johnstone, C. Journal Article Current, Tidal Modeling Mooring, Performance
A Design Procedure for Anchors of Floating Ocean Current Turbines on Weak Rock Bañuelos-García, F., Ring, M., Mendoza, E., Silva, R. Journal Article Current, Axial Flow Turbine Field Data, Modeling Materials, Mooring, Structural
Analysis and wave tank verification of the performance of point absorber WECs with different configurations Li, X., Martin, D., Jiang, B. , Chen, S., Thiagarajan, K., Parker, R., Zuo, L. Journal Article Wave, Point Absorber Modeling Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance
Opening the air-chamber of an oscillating water column spar buoy wave energy converter to avoid parametric resonance Davidson, J., Henriques, J., Gomes, R., Galeazzi, R. Journal Article Wave, Oscillating Water Column Mooring, Performance
Wave energy converter platform stabilisation and mooring load reduction through power take-off control Hillis, A., Courtney, C., Brask, A. Journal Article Wave Control, Mooring, Power Take Off
Compact floating wave energy converter arrays: Inter-device mooring connectivity and performance Howey, B., Collins, K., Hann, M., Iglesias, G., Gomes, R., Henriques, J., Gato, L., Greaves, D. Journal Article Wave, Oscillating Water Column Lab Data, Scale Device Array Effects, Mooring, Performance
Simulated and experimental investigation of a floating-array-buoys wave energy converter with single-point mooring Sun, P., Liu, S., He, H., Zhao, Y., Zheng, S., Chen, H., Yang, S. Journal Article Wave, Point Absorber Lab Data, Modeling, Scale Device Survivability Mooring, Performance
Mooring types of point absorbing wave energy converters Chatzigiannakou, M., Temiz, I. Conference Paper Wave, Point Absorber Maintenance, Survivability Mooring
Reducing wave energy converter mooring fatigue through PTO control Hillis, A., Courtney, C., Brask, A. Conference Paper Wave Modeling Control, Mooring, Power Take Off
Comparisons between Flood and Ebb Performance of PLAT-I in Nova Scotia Jeffcoate, P., Burden, C., Cresswell, N., Lee, J., Kaufmann, N., Starzmann, R., Pieroway, R. Conference Paper Current, Tidal Field Data, Modeling Mooring, Performance
A Toolbox for Fluid-Structure Interaction of Slender Bodies Schmitt, P., Robinson, D. Conference Paper Wave Modeling Array Effects, Hydrodynamics, Mooring
Ups and Downs of Data Recording on Tidal Devices Lake, T., Williams, A., Masters, I. Conference Paper Current, Tidal Modeling Mooring, Structural
On End-Stops and Snap Loads for Taut-Moored Wave Energy Converters Palm, J., Eskilsson, C. Conference Paper Wave Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Power Take Off
A Self-Synchronizing Underwater Acoustic Network for Mooring Load Monitoring of a Wave Energy Converter Beaujean, P., Murray, B., Gunawan, B., Driscoll, F. Conference Paper Wave Modeling Mooring
Sensitivity Analysis of Extreme Loads Acting on a Point-Absorbing Wave Energy Converter Eskilsson, C., Palm, J., Johannesson, P., Paredes, G. Conference Paper Wave, Point Absorber Modeling Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Power Take Off
Numerical modelling of rock anchor uplift capacity for offshore applications Cerfontaine, B., Brown, M., Caton, A., Hunt, A., Cresswell, N. Conference Paper Current, Wave Modeling Maintenance Mooring, Substructure
Bragg reflection by a floating breakwater-WEC system Zhao, X., Geng, J., Göteman, M., Zheng, S., Zheng, X., Iglesias, G. Conference Paper Wave, Oscillating Water Column Modeling, Scale Device Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance
Hydrodynamic Analysis of a Submerged Multi-Tether Point Absorber Costantini, L., Dafnakis, P., Sirigu, S., Bracco, G., Mattiazzo, G. Conference Paper Wave, Point Absorber Modeling Mooring, Power Take Off
Standardising Marine Renewable Energy Testing: Gap Analysis and Recommendations for Development of Standards Noble, D., O'Shea, M., Judge, F., Robles, E., Martinez, R., Khalid, F., Thies, P., Johanning, L., Corlay, Y., Gabl, R., Davey, T., Vejayan, N., Murphy, J. Journal Article Current, Tidal, Wave Control, Grid Integration, Materials, Mooring, Power Take Off
Coupled global local modelling for dynamic submarine power cables Nicholls-Lee, R., Thies, P., Johanning, L. Conference Paper Lab Data, Modeling Hydrodynamics, Mooring
Physical testing of a non-linear active damper developed for offshore renewable energy Khalid, F., Thies, P., Newsam, D., Johanning, L. Conference Paper Lab Data, Modeling Mooring, Performance
Hierarchical Control of a park of floating Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converters Gaebele, D., Magana, M. Conference Paper Wave, Oscillating Water Column Test Center Control, Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Power Take Off
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