Moorings Fact Sheet

Moorings

Floating offshore renewable energy systems have several advantages: higher wind and wave resources, technically unlimited water depth, better adaptability to soil types… However, they must limit their dynamics for a number of reasons:

  • efficiency (e.g., reduction in wind turbine performance if the floating structure movements are too severe),
  • safety (e.g., disruption of vessel traffic),
  • robustness and technical and economic viability (e.g., pulling out the export electric cable, overdesigning costs).

Developing reliable and robust mooring lines is therefore essential. To do this, two criteria must be taken into account: limiting the amplitude of the forces and resisting maximum loads over the life of a farm. France Énergies Marines developed this Fact Sheet to describe the different moorings systems used for offshore renewable energy systems, and compare their advantages and limitations. 

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys Engineering.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Collection Method Operations Device
On data-based control-oriented modelling applications in wave energy systems Pasta, E., Paduano, B., Mattiazzo, G., Faedo, N., Ringwood, J. Conference Paper Wave Modeling Control, Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Power Take Off
PacWave Anchoring and Mooring Study Housner, S., Sirnivas, S. Report Wave, Point Absorber, Oscillating Water Column Modeling Mooring
On the mooring methodology of heaving point absorber arrays Meyer, J., Windt, C., Sinn, P., Hildebrandt, A. Journal Article Wave, Point Absorber Lab Data Array Effects, Mooring
Transient Translational–Rotational Motion of an Ocean Current Converter Mooring System with Initial Conditions Lin, S., Wang, W., Yuan, H. Journal Article Current, Ocean Current Modeling Mooring
TIGER Case Studies Green, M. Report Current, Axial Flow Turbine, Kite Field Data, Modeling, Full Scale, Scale Device Decomissioning Grid Integration, Mooring, Performance
A comparison of two wave energy converters’ power performance and mooring fatigue characteristics – One WEC vs many WECs in a wave park with interaction effects Shao, X., Ringsberg, J., Yao, H., Li, Z., Johnson, E., Frediksson, G. Journal Article Wave, Point Absorber Field Data Array Effects, Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance, Structural
Mooring designs for a combined wind and wave energy system in intermediate water depth Fjermedal, S. Thesis Wave Modeling Mooring
Modelling mooring line snap loads using a high-order finite-volume approach Governo, A., Henriques, J., Gato, L. Journal Article Wave Modeling Survivability Mooring
Sea trials of Sigma wave energy converter – slacking and snapping of TLP mooring lines Miškov, V., Dragić, M., Tomin, V., Hofman, M. Journal Article Wave, Point Absorber Field Data Mooring
Hydrodynamic effects of biofouling-induced surface roughness – Review and research gaps for shallow water offshore wind energy structures Maduka, M., Schoefs, F., Thiagarajan, K., Bates, A. Journal Article Modeling Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance
Coupled Translational–Rotational Stability Analysis of a Submersible Ocean Current Converter Platform Mooring System under Typhoon Wave Lin, S-M., Utama, D-W., Liauh, C-T. Journal Article Current, Ocean Current Modeling Survivability Mooring, Structural, Substructure
Site Selection of Combined Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Farms: A Systematic Review Hosseinzadeh, S., Etemad-Shahidi, A., Stewart, R. Journal Article Wave Hybrid Devices, Hydrodynamics, Mooring
Analysis of Power Performance and Mooring Fatigue Damage for Wave Energy Parks Shao, X. Thesis Wave, Point Absorber Modeling Survivability Mooring, Performance
Parametric study on the short-term extreme mooring tension of nylon rope for a point absorber Xu, S., Soares, C. Journal Article Wave, Point Absorber Lab Data, Modeling Materials, Mooring
Mooring Load Monitoring of a Wave Energy Converter using A Self Synchronizing Underwater Acoustic Network Beaujean, P., Kojimoto, N., Gunawan, B., Driscoll, F. Conference Paper Wave Field Data, Full Scale Mooring
Simulation and validation of floating-point absorber (FPA) wave energy converter (WEC) using open-source WEC-Sim simulation Repi, V., Diputra, A. Conference Paper Wave, Point Absorber Modeling Mooring
Experimental Investigation of Mooring Performance and Energy-Harvesting Performance of Eccentric Rotor Wave Energy Converter Xue, G., Qin, J., Zhang, Z., Huang, S., Liu, Y. Journal Article Wave, Point Absorber Lab Data Mooring, Performance
A high-efficiency wave-powered marine observation buoy: Design, analysis, and experimental tests Wang, L., Li, H., Jiang, J. Journal Article Wave Lab Data, Modeling, Scale Device Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance
A Retrievable Ocean Petal Anchor for Marine Energy Devices Williams, W., Gabr, M., Shariar, A., Hall, M. Presentation Current, Wave Modeling Mooring
Assessing the Risk of Hurricane Damage to Marine Hydrokinetic Devices Faria, V., Jamaleddin, N., deQueiroz, A., Gabr, M., Muglia, M. Presentation Current, Ocean Current Modeling Mooring
Shared Anchoring of Marine Renewable Energy Devices Utilizing Monopiles Jamaleddin, N., Gabr, M., Borden, R. Presentation Wave, Point Absorber Modeling, Scale Device Mooring, Substructure
Composite Springs for Mooring Tensioners: A Systematic Review of Material Selection, Fatigue Performance, Manufacturing, and Applications Cai, Y., Bazli, M., Basnayake, A., Veidt, M., Heitzmann, M. Journal Article Wave, Point Absorber Survivability Materials, Mooring
Effects of mooring configurations on the hydrodynamic performance of a floating offshore oscillating water column wave energy converter Gubesch, E., Abdussamie, N., Penesis, I., Chin, C. Journal Article Wave, Oscillating Water Column Lab Data, Modeling Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance
Hydrodynamic Analysis of a Novel Modular Floating Structure System Integrated with Floating Artificial Reefs and Wave Energy Converters Li, Y., Ren, N., Li, X., Ou, J. Journal Article Wave Modeling Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance, Power Take Off, Substructure
Digital Twin for the Prediction of Extreme Loads on a Wave Energy Conversion System Katsidoniotaki, E., Psarommatis, F., Göteman, M. Journal Article Wave, Point Absorber Modeling Mooring, Performance, Power Take Off
HarshLab Benguria, P. Presentation Field Data Condition Monitoring Mooring
Coupled response characteristics of cold water pipe and moored ship for floating OTEC plant Hisamatsu, R., Utsunomiya, T. Journal Article OTEC Modeling Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance, Substructure
Spatial characterization of seabed environmental conditions and geotechnical properties for the development of marine renewable energy in Sweden Nyberg, J. , Zillen-Snowball, L., Strömstedt, E. Journal Article Modeling Deployment Mooring
Effects of dynamic axial stiffness of elastic moorings for a wave energy converter Depalo, F., Wang, S., Xu, S., Soares, C., Yang, S-H., Ringsberg, J. Journal Article Wave, Point Absorber Modeling Mooring
Design and Dynamic Stability Analysis of a Submersible Ocean Current Generator Platform Mooring System under Typhoon Irregular Wave Lin, S-M., Liauh, C-T., Utama, D-W. Journal Article Current, Ocean Current Modeling Mooring
Performance Analysis of a Utility-Scale Wave Energy Converter May-Varas, N. Thesis Wave, Point Absorber Modeling Mooring, Performance, Power Take Off
IEC TS 62600-202:2022- Part 202: Early stage development of tidal energy converters - Best practices and recommended procedures for the testing of pre-prototype scale devices International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Guidance Current, Tidal, Ocean Current, Wave Modeling Mooring, Performance, Power Take Off
On hydrodynamic and electrical characteristics of a self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator based buoy under water ripples Zhao, Y., Fan, Z., Bi, C., Wang, H., Mi, J., Xu, M. Journal Article Wave Lab Data Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance
Dynamic Stability of the Coupled Pontoon-Ocean Turbine-Floater Platform-Rope System under Harmonic Wave Excitation and Steady Ocean Current Lin, S-M., Chen, Y-Y., Liauh, C-T. Journal Article Current, Ocean Current Modeling Hydrodynamics, Mooring
Effects of strain- and strain rate- dependent nonlinear mooring line stiffness on floating platform motion Li, C., Choung, J. Journal Article Modeling Survivability Mooring, Structural
Linearized modeling and optimization of shared mooring systems Wilson, S., Hall, M., Housner, S., Sirnivas, S. Journal Article Modeling Hybrid Devices, Mooring
Effect of mooring line layout on the loads of ship-shaped offshore installations Mujeeb-Ahmed, M., Cabrera, J., Kim, H., Paik, J. Journal Article Mooring
Numerical Performance Model for Tensioned Mooring Tidal Turbine Operating in Combined Wave-Current Sea States Fu, S., Johnstone, C. Journal Article Current, Tidal Modeling Mooring, Performance
A Design Procedure for Anchors of Floating Ocean Current Turbines on Weak Rock Bañuelos-García, F., Ring, M., Mendoza, E., Silva, R. Journal Article Current, Axial Flow Turbine Field Data, Modeling Materials, Mooring, Structural
Wave energy converter platform stabilisation and mooring load reduction through power take-off control Hillis, A., Courtney, C., Brask, A. Journal Article Wave Control, Mooring, Power Take Off
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