Floating offshore renewable energy systems have several advantages: higher wind and wave resources, technically unlimited water depth, better adaptability to soil types… However, they must limit their dynamics for a number of reasons:
- efficiency (e.g., reduction in wind turbine performance if the floating structure movements are too severe),
- safety (e.g., disruption of vessel traffic),
- robustness and technical and economic viability (e.g., pulling out the export electric cable, overdesigning costs).
Developing reliable and robust mooring lines is therefore essential. To do this, two criteria must be taken into account: limiting the amplitude of the forces and resisting maximum loads over the life of a farm. France Énergies Marines developed this Fact Sheet to describe the different moorings systems used for offshore renewable energy systems, and compare their advantages and limitations.
The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys Engineering.
| Title | Author | Date Sort ascending | Content Type | Technology | Collection Method | Operations | Device |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Second-order wave excitation forces in WEC-Sim/MOST: Implementation, experimental validation, and code-to-code comparison | Issoglio, D., Shabara, M., Petracca, E., Francesco, N., Keester, A., Sirigu, M., Bracco, G. | Journal Article | Wave | Modeling | Hybrid Devices, Hydrodynamics, Mooring | ||
| The Albany M4 project: Demonstrating WA’s wave energy potential | Gaudin, C., Wolgamot, H., Kurniawan, A., Ebeling, W., Fernando, N., Stansby, P., Apsley, J., Shearer, C., Saunders, B. | Journal Article | Wave, Point Absorber | Field Data, Lab Data | Deployment | Control, Mooring, Power Take Off | |
| Mooring-based frequency-domain and AI-based time-domain optimization for improved power capture performance of the TALOS wave energy converter | Yavuz, H., Sheng, W., Aggidis, G. | Journal Article | Wave | Modeling | Mooring, Performance | ||
| Capture performance improvement of a backward-bent duct buoy wave energy converter using a damping plate | Zhu, W., Tu, Y., Zheng, S., Li, H., Li, D., Lin, J., Yang, S., Li, C. | Journal Article | Wave, Oscillating Water Column | Lab Data, Modeling | Mooring, Performance, Power Take Off | ||
| Effects of the shared mooring system on hydrodynamic and power capture of oscillating water column wave energy converter arrays | Wei, C., Huang, S., Wang, J., Xu, Z., Xue, G., Liu, Y. | Journal Article | Wave, Oscillating Water Column | Modeling | Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance | ||
| Tidal energy resource characterization measurements at cook inlet’s east foreland: Velocity and turbulence | McVey, J., Kilcher, L., Yang, Z. | Journal Article | Current, Tidal | Acoustics, Mooring | |||
| Statistical analysis of floating hybrid wind–wave energy systems | Sergiienko, N., Xue, L., Silva, L., Ding, B., Cazzolato, B. | Journal Article | Wave, Point Absorber, Oscillating Water Column, Oscillating Wave Surge Converter | Hybrid Devices, Mooring, Performance | |||
| Shared moorings for floating offshore renewable energy technologies: A review | Saincher, S., Sriram, V., Stoesser, T. | Journal Article | Wave | Array Effects, Mooring, Structural | |||
| White Paper on OTEC 2.0: Advancing Deployment and Innovation | Brito e Melo, A., Bastos, P., Baltazar, J., Chainho, P., Machado, I., Cândido, J. | Report | OTEC | Full Scale, Scale Device | Deployment, Survivability | Grid Integration, Hybrid Devices, Materials, Mooring, Structural, Substructure | |
| Review of recent WEC-Sim (v6.1) advanced features | Grasberger, J., Shabara, M., Keester, A., Ruehl, K., Forbush, D., Husain, S., Leon, J., Ogden, D., Davies, R. | Journal Article | Wave | Modeling | Hydrodynamics, Mooring | ||
| Cable solutions for Ocean Energy: Latest design configurations, failure modes, and monitoring methods | Marcollo, H., Eassom, A., Sirianos, D., Thomas, C., Gumley, J. | Journal Article | Current, Tidal, Wave | Modeling | Deployment, Survivability | Mooring | |
| Parametric resonance in wave energy converters and offshore wind turbines: A review | Davidson, J., Henriques, J., Galeazzi, R., Kalmár-Nagy, T. | Journal Article | Wave, Point Absorber, Oscillating Water Column | Modeling | Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance, Structural, Substructure | ||
| Flow-induced vibration of an underwater lazy wave cable in unidirectional current | Moideen, R., Venugopal, V., Chaplin, J.R., Borthwick, A.G.L | Journal Article | Wave | Test Center | Hydrodynamics, Mooring | ||
| A methodology for CFD simulations of floating structures in waves coupled with mooring dynamics | Almeida-Medina, T., Cercos-Pita, J., Gosset, A., Diaz-Casas | Journal Article | Wave | Modeling | Hydrodynamics, Mooring | ||
| A virtual real-time hybrid simulation framework to study mooring dynamics of deep-water wave energy converters (WECs) | Liu, E., McConnell, A., Bosma, B., Ni, Y., Seki, A., Schellenberg, A., Robertson, B., Simpson, B. | Conference Paper | Wave | Lab Data, Modeling | Hydrodynamics, Mooring | ||
| Modeling and Design of an Adaptive Stiffness Wave Energy Converter | McGuire, C., Mabe, O., Bryant, M. | Presentation | Wave, Point Absorber | Lab Data | Mooring, Power Take Off | ||
| A systematic approach to developing real-time hybrid simulation capability for wave tank testing | McConnell, A., Liu, E., Bosma, B., Simpson, B., Robertson, B. | Presentation | Wave | Modeling | Mooring | ||
| Line Inspection and Guided Hardware Testing (LIGHT) Lab Development | Streit, R. , Schuit, N., Gunawan, B. | Presentation | Current, Wave | Lab Data | Mooring | ||
| Dynamic Load Monitoring and Analysis of Mooring Lines used by Wave Energy Converters | Mohamed, Y., Beaujean, P., Gunawan, B., Abdellatef, M. | Presentation | Wave | Lab Data | Mooring | ||
| Applications for a Swivel-based Mooring System that Improves System Reliability for Marine Energy Devices | Lowcher, C., Smith, M., Taylor, T., Logan, J., Hill, D., Guillen, U. | Presentation | Wave | Mooring, Substructure | |||
| Numerical and Experimental Investigation of a Ducky Wave Energy Converter and Its Impact on Floating Ocean Wind Turbines | Tao, T., Dong, Y., Guo, X., Liu, S., Jiang, Y., Yuan, Z. | Journal Article | Wave, Point Absorber | Lab Data, Modeling | Array Effects, Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Power Take Off, Substructure | ||
| Stabilizing dynamic subsea power cables using Bi-stable nonlinear energy sinks | Michaloliakos, A., Wong, W., Davies, R., Lekkala, M., Hall, M., Zuo, L., Vakakis, A. | Journal Article | Modeling | Mooring, Performance | |||
| Remote River Energy System: Field trial experiments in a tidal estuary | Masters, I., Esmaeili,A., Evans, I., George, D., Glasby, D., Horrillo-Caraballo, J., Lake, T., Morgan, D., Togneri, M., Williams, A. | Journal Article | Current, Tidal, Riverine | Modeling, Test Center | Mooring, Performance, Power Take Off, Structural | ||
| An efficient time domain model for hybrid floating wind-wave platforms considering multi-body constraints and mooring system | Zhang, K., Chen, M., Zhou, H., Chen, N., Liang, C., Hallak, T., Yun, Q., Tang, Y. | Journal Article | Wave, Oscillating Wave Surge Converter | Modeling | Hybrid Devices, Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Substructure | ||
| Design and comparative analysis of mooring systems for a combined wind and wave energy system at intermediate water depth | Fong Lee, C., Fjermedal, S., Chen Ong, M. | Journal Article | Wave, Point Absorber, Oscillating Wave Surge Converter | Modeling | Hybrid Devices, Mooring, Performance, Substructure | ||
| Technology Readiness Level assessment of hydrokinetic energy converters | Malali, P., Ding, Z., Villavicencio, M. | Journal Article | Current, Axial Flow Turbine, Cross Flow Turbine, Tidal, Ocean Current, Riverine | Field Data, Lab Data, Modeling, Test Center, Full Scale, Scale Device | Deployment | Grid Integration, Mooring, Performance, Power Take Off, Structural, Substructure | |
| Effects of Co-Location of FOWTs and WECs on Mooring Cable Fatigue | Santos, M. | Thesis | Wave | Modeling, Full Scale | Survivability | Hybrid Devices, Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Substructure | |
| Experimental measurements of two elastic taut-slack mooring configurations for the multi-float M4 WEC | Draycott, S., Stansby, P., Li, G. | Journal Article | Wave, Point Absorber | Lab Data, Scale Device | Mooring | ||
| Hydrodynamic Response of Mocean Wave Energy Converter in Extreme Waves | Samuel, J., Venugopal, V., Retzler, C., Ma, Q. | Journal Article | Wave | Lab Data, Scale Device | Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Substructure | ||
| Dynamic Response Analysis of a Fully Coupled Numerical Model for a Floating Tidal Current Turbine System | Cheng, M., Fan, J., Shang, D., Zhu, R. | Conference Paper | Current, Tidal | Modeling | Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance | ||
| Submerged wave energy converter dynamics and the impact of PTO-mooring configuration on power performance | Ali, R., Meek, M., Robertson, B. | Journal Article | Wave, Point Absorber | Modeling | Mooring, Performance | ||
| Control co-design for wave energy systems | Ringwood, J. | Journal Article | Wave | Modeling | Control, Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance, Power Take Off | ||
| Power performance and dynamic characteristics of a 15 MW floating wind turbine with wave energy converter combined concept | Gu, X., Lin, F., Jiang, W., Xu, J., Liu, J., Wang, K., Tao, T. | Journal Article | Wave, Point Absorber | Modeling | Hybrid Devices, Mooring, Structural | ||
| Performance evaluation of point-absorber wave energy converters energy extraction and structural integrity aspects | Abaei, M., Arzaghi, E., Bao, M., Garaniya, V., Abdussamie, N., Pichard, A., Abbassi, R. | Journal Article | Wave, Point Absorber | Modeling | Survivability | Hybrid Devices, Mooring, Power Take Off, Structural | |
| Physical model study on the performance of a pneumatic wave energy converter | Yang, H., Zhang,Y., Guo, P., Wang, C., Luo, P., Xu, H. | Journal Article | Wave, Oscillating Water Column | Lab Data, Scale Device | Mooring, Performance | ||
| Dynamic response of a semi-submersible floating wind turbine-point absorption wave energy hybrid energy system under rated and extreme conditions | Hua, H., Zhang, Y., Qin, Z., Yang, Y., Fernandez-Rodriguez, E. | Journal Article | Wave, Point Absorber | Modeling | Survivability | Hybrid Devices, Mooring, Performance, Substructure | |
| Bayesian modeling and mechanical simulations for fragility curve estimation of the mooring system of marine hydrokinetic devices | de Faria, V., Jamaleddin, N., de Queiroz, A., Gabr, M. | Journal Article | Current, Axial Flow Turbine | Modeling | Survivability | Mooring | |
| Dynamic response and power performance of a combined semi-submersible floating wind turbine and point absorber wave energy converter array | Xu, S., Jia, B., Xu, F., Chen, C. | Journal Article | Wave, Point Absorber, Oscillating Water Column | Modeling | Array Effects, Hybrid Devices, Mooring, Performance, Power Take Off, Structural | ||
| Post Access Report for Public: Numerical Analysis of Two-Body Floating Attenuator WEC (Waveberg) | Waveberg Development Ltd. | Report | Wave, Attenuator | Lab Data, Modeling | Mooring, Performance, Power Take Off | ||
| Design and analysis of taut mooring systems for a combined floating offshore wind and wave energy system at intermediate water depth | Lee, C., Fjermedal, S., Ong, M. | Journal Article | Wave, Oscillating Wave Surge Converter | Modeling | Hybrid Devices, Mooring |