Fouling

The growth or accumulation of material which impedes device function.

Fouling is the unintended accumulation of organic or inorganic material on or within a marine energy device. If left unaddressed, fouling can negatively impact device hydrodynamics, performance, and survivability, as well as instrumentation. Examples of fouling include the growth of biological communities on wave energy or current energy devices and related infrastructure, mineral build up on the heat exchangers used for ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), increased concentrations of compounds that inhibit chemical reactions in salinity gradient applications, and sediment accumulation that can cause damage or limit the performance of internal mechanics. Fouling is not considered corrosion, which is the removal, weakening, or corruption of material (e.g., by seawater). 

Photo: European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)

Marine Energy Documents Related to Fouling

Tethys Engineering is a knowledge hub that contains documents and resources about the technical aspects of marine energy development. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Engineering Knowledge Base associated with Fouling.

Total: 80

Title Author Date Type of Content Technology Collection Method Engineering
Investigation of the effect of gypsum and silica impurity in saline feed water on the RED performance Mujahid, M. , Ahmad, G., Farooq, M. Journal Article Salinity Gradient, Reverse Electrodialysis Performance
An improved method for quantitatively measuring antifouling coating performance using a mussel single thread tensile adhesion test Pennell, S., LeFevre, T., Bennett, J. Journal Article Materials, Structural
Review on reverse electrodialysis process-a pioneering technology for energy generation by salinity gradient Gul, T., Akalin, M., Donmezler, E. Journal Article Salinity Gradient, Reverse Electrodialysis
Antifouling and Anticorrosive Protection of Renewable Energy Marine Structures with TiO2-based Enamel Sanz, D. S., García, S., Trueba, L. Journal Article Field Data, Lab Data Materials
Impacts of membrane fouling on nanofluidic salinity gradient energy conversion process Mao, R., Chen, X., Long, R. Journal Article Salinity Gradient, Reverse Electrodialysis Modeling Performance
Role of permeability coefficients in salinity gradient energy generation by PRO systems with spiral wound membrane modules Ruiz-García, A., Tadeo, F., Nuez, I. Journal Article Salinity Gradient, Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Modeling Materials, Performance
Biofilm prevention in the generator of a direct drive wave energy converter Baker, N., Turkmen, S., Li, C. Conference Paper Wave Lab Data Performance
A method for the growth inhibition of biofouling in Sihwa Tidal Power Plant Lee, S., Kwak, H., Jun, B. Conference Paper Tidal Lab Data
Hydrodynamic effects of biofouling-induced surface roughness – Review and research gaps for shallow water offshore wind energy structures Maduka, M., Schoefs, F., Thiagarajan, K. Journal Article Modeling Hydrodynamics, Mooring, Performance
Clean power generation from salinity gradient using reverse electrodialysis technologies: Recent advances, bottlenecks, and future direction Chae, S., Kim, H., Hong, J. Journal Article Salinity Gradient, Reverse Electrodialysis Lab Data, Modeling Performance
Scaled-up multistage reverse electrodialysis pilot study with natural waters Simões, C., Vital, B., Sleutels, T. Journal Article Salinity Gradient, Reverse Electrodialysis Field Data, Scale Device Performance
Impacts of soft marine fouling on the hydrokinetic energy harvesting from one-degree-of-freedom vortex-induced vibrations Rashki, M., Hejazi, K., Tamimi, V. Journal Article Current, Vortex-Induced Vibration Lab Data, Modeling Performance
Power Production from Produced Waters via Reverse Electrodialysis: A Preliminary Assessment Cosenza, A., Campisi, G., Giacalone, F. Journal Article Salinity Gradient, Reverse Electrodialysis Lab Data Performance
The impact of biofilm on marine current turbine performance Farkas, A., Degiuli, N., Martic, I. Journal Article Current, Axial Flow Turbine Modeling Hydrodynamics, Materials, Performance
Establishing an Agenda for Biofouling Research for the Development of the Marine Renewable Energy Industry in Indonesia Iswadi, A., Porter, J., Bell, M. Journal Article Materials
Membranes for blue energy conversion by pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) Buonomenna, M. Book Chapter Salinity Gradient, Pressure-Retarded Osmosis
3D Numerical Study of the Impact of Macro-Roughnesses on a Tidal Turbine, on Its Performance and Hydrodynamic Wake Robin, I., Bennis, A., Dauvin, J. Journal Article Current, Tidal Modeling Performance
Effect of Fouling on the Performance of an Instream Turbine Starzmann, R., Kaufmann, N., Jeffcoate, P. Conference Paper Current, Tidal Modeling, Full Scale Hydrodynamics, Performance
Sea-trial verification of a novel system for monitoring biofouling and testing anti-fouling coatings in highly energetic environments targeted by the marine renewable energy industry Want, A., Bell, M., Harris, R. Journal Article Current, Tidal, Wave Field Data, Test Center Materials
Nanofluidic membranes to address the challenges of salinity gradient power harvesting Tong, X., Liu, S., Crittenden, J. Journal Article Salinity Gradient Modeling
Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Hybrid Biophysical Approach to Wave Energy Extraction: Bio-Oscillator Hildebrand, T., Fischer, C., Relano, V. Journal Article Wave Modeling Materials, Mooring, Structural
Prediction of the fouling penalty on the tidal turbine performance and development of its mitigation measures Song, S., Demirel, Y., Atlar, M. Journal Article Current, Cross Flow Turbine, Tidal Modeling Performance
Toward scale-up of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) – pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) hybrid system: A case study of a 240 m3/day pilot plant Lee, S., Park, T., Park, Y Journal Article Salinity Gradient, Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Field Data, Scale Device Hybrid Devices, Performance
FoDTEC (Forensic Decommissioning of Tidal Energy Converters) Final Summary Report Warren, T. Report Current, Tidal Field Data, Full Scale Materials, Substructure
Marine Biofouling: A European Database for the Marine Renewable Energy Sector Vinagre, P., Simas, T., Cruz, E. Journal Article Materials
Influence of hard marine fouling on energy harvesting from Vortex-Induced Vibrations of a single-cylinder Jadidi, P., Zeinoddini, M. Journal Article Current, Vortex-Induced Vibration Lab Data Performance
Susceptibility of different materials and antifouling coating to macro-fouling organisms in a high wave-energy environment Navarrete, S., Parrague, M., Osiadacz, N. Journal Article Field Data Materials
Implications of biofouling on cross-flow turbine performance Stringer, C., Polagye, B. Journal Article Cross Flow Turbine, Tidal Lab Data Performance
Blue energy for sustainable water reclamation in WWTPs Gomez-Coma, L., Ortiz-Martínez, V., Fallanza, M. Journal Article Salinity Gradient
Parameter Analysis on OTEC using Hybrid Cycle Ikegami, Y., Yasunaga, T., Okuno, T. Journal Article OTEC, Hybrid-Cycle Performance
Preliminary Evaluation of Functional Coatings for Marine Based Renewable Energy Applications Hegde, M., Kavanagh, Y., Duffy, B. Conference Paper Current, Tidal Materials
The effect of biofouling on the tidal turbine performance Song, S., Shi, W., Demirel, Y. Conference Paper Current, Tidal Modeling Performance
Role of anion exchange membrane fouling in reverse electrodialysis using natural feed waters Rijnaarts, T., Moreno, J., Saakes, M. Journal Article Salinity Gradient Lab Data Performance
Assessing the long-term performance of tidal turbines subject to biofouling Afshar, O. Thesis Current, Tidal Lab Data, Modeling Performance
Anti-biofouling strategy for operators : a systems approach for the tidal energy industry Vezza, R. Thesis Current, Tidal Lab Data, Modeling
Numerical simulations of biofouling effects on the tidal turbine hydrodynamic Rivier, A., Bennis, A., Jean, G. Journal Article Current, Tidal Modeling Performance
Effect of fouling on performance of pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and forward osmosis (FO) Nagy, E., Hegedus, I., Tow, E. Journal Article Salinity Gradient, Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Lab Data, Modeling Performance
Observation of biofouling by using test plates in Hirado Strait of Nagasaki, Japan Kyozuka, Y., Kobayashi, S. Conference Paper Current, Tidal
Practical limit of energy production from seawater by full-scale pressure retarded osmosis Kim, M., Kim, S. Journal Article Salinity Gradient, Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Modeling Performance
Progress and prospects in reverse electrodialysis for salinity gradient energy conversion and storage Tufa, R., Pawlowski, S., Veerman, J. Journal Article Salinity Gradient
The forward osmosis-pressure retarded osmosis (FO-PRO) hybrid system: A new process to mitigate membrane fouling for sustainable osmotic power generation Cheng, Z., Li, X., Chung, T. Journal Article Salinity Gradient, Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Modeling Performance
Long-run operation of a reverse electrodialysis system fed with wastewaters Di Salvo, J., Cosenza, A., Tamburini, A. Journal Article Salinity Gradient Lab Data Performance
Reverse Electrodialysis for Salinity Gradient Power Generation: Challenges and Future Perspectives Guler, E., Nijmeijer, K. Journal Article Salinity Gradient, Reverse Electrodialysis
Dynamic loading and stall of clean and fouled tidal turbine blade sections Walker, J. Thesis Current, Tidal Lab Data Performance
CO2 saturated water as two-phase flow for fouling control in reverse electrodialysis Moreno, J., de Hart, N., Saakes, M. Journal Article Salinity Gradient Lab Data
Setting an agenda for biofouling research for the marine renewable energy industry Loxton, J., Macleod, A., Nall, C. Journal Article Current, Wave
Mass transport of various membrane configurations in pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) Cheng, Z., Chung, T. Journal Article Salinity Gradient, Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Modeling Performance
Creating value in oceanography with wave energy converters: User needs Portillo, J., Ferreira, D., Henriques, J. Conference Paper Wave Substructure
Wave and Tidal Range Energy Devices Offer Environmental Opportunities as Artificial Reefs Callaway, R., Bertelli, C., Unsworth, R. Conference Paper Tidal, Wave
Biodiversity characterisation and hydrodynamic consequences of marine fouling communities on marine renewable energy infrastructure in the Orkney Islands Archipelago, Scotland, UK Want, A., Crawford, R. , Kakkonen, J. Journal Article Lab Data, Test Center Materials, Performance
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